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Perl Online tutorial

CONTENTS
  At a Glance

Where You're Going

Chapter 1   Getting Started

What Is Perl?
How Do I Find Perl?

Where Do I Get Perl?
Other Places to Get Perl

A Sample Perl Program
Running a Perl Program

If Something Goes Wrong

The First Line of Your Perl Program: How Comments Work

Comments

Line 2: Statements, Tokens, and <STDIN>

Statements and Tokens
Tokens and White Space
What the Tokens Do: Reading from Standard Input

Line 3: Writing to Standard Output

Function Invocations and Arguments

Error Messages
Interpretive Languages Versus Compiled Languages
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 2   Basic Operators and Control Flow

Storing in Scalar Variables Assignment

The Definition of a Scalar Variable
Scalar Variable Syntax
Assigning a Value to a Scalar Variable

Performing Arithmetic

Example of Miles-to-Kilometers Conversion
The chop Library Function

Expressions

Assignments and Expressions

Other Perl Operators
Introduction to Conditional Statements
The if Statement

The Conditional Expression
The Statement Block
Testing for Equality Using ==
Other Comparison Operators

Two-Way Branching Using if and else
Multi-Way Branching Using elsif
Writing Loops Using the while Statement
Nesting Conditional Statements
Looping Using the until Statement
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 3   Understanding Scalar Values

What Is a Scalar Value?
Integer Scalar Values

Integer Scalar Value Limitations

Floating-Point Scalar Values

Floating-Point Arithmetic and Round-Off Error

Using Octal and Hexadecimal Notation

Decimal Notation
Octal Notation
Hexadecimal Notation
Why Bother?

Character Strings

Using Double-Quoted Strings
Escape Sequences
Single-Quoted Strings

Interchangeability of Strings and Numeric Values

Initial Values of Scalar Variables

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 4   More Operators

Using the Arithmetic Operators

Exponentiation
The Remainder Operator
Unary Negation

Using Comparison Operators

Integer-Comparison Operators
String-Comparison Operators
String Comparison Versus Integer Comparison
Comparison and Floating-Point Numbers

Using Logical Operators

Evaluation Within Logical Operators
Logical Operators as Subexpressions

Using Bit-Manipulation Operators

What Bits Are and How They Are Used
The Bit-Manipulation Operators

Using the Assignment Operators

Assignment Operators as Subexpressions

Using Autoincrement and Autodecrement

The Autoincrement Operator Pre-Increment
The Autoincrement Operator Post-Increment
The Autodecrement Operator
Using Autoincrement With Strings

The String Concatenation and Repetition Operators

The String-Concatenation Operator
The String-Repetition Operator
Concatenation and Assignment

Other Perl Operators

The Comma Operator
The Conditional Operator

The Order of Operations

Precedence
Associativity
Forcing Precedence Using Parentheses

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 5   Lists and Array Variables

Introducing Lists
Scalar Variables and Lists

Lists and String Substitution

Storing Lists in Array Variables
Accessing an Element of an Array Variable

More Details on Array Element Names

Using Lists and Arrays in Perl Programs

Using Brackets and Substituting for Variables

Using List Ranges

Expressions and List Ranges

More on Assignment and Array Variables

Copying from One Array Variable to Another
Using Array Variables in Lists
Substituting for Array Variables in Strings
Assigning to Scalar Variables from Array Variables

Retrieving the Length of a List
Using Array Slices

Using List Ranges in Array-Slice Subscripts
Using Variables in Array-Slice Subscripts
Assigning to Array Slices
Overlapping Array Slices
Using the Array-Slice Notation as a Shorthand

Reading an Array from the Standard Input File
Array Library Functions

Sorting a List or Array Variable
Reversing a List or Array Variable
Using chop on Array Variables
Creating a Single String from a List
Splitting a String into a List
Other List-Manipulation Functions

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 6   Reading from and Writing to Files

Opening a File

The File Variable
The Filename
The File Mode
Checking Whether the Open Succeeded

Reading from a File

File Variables and the Standard Input File
Terminating a Program Using die
Reading into Array Variables

Writing to a File

The Standard Output File Variable
Merging Two Files into One

Redirecting Standard Input and Standard Output
The Standard Error File
Closing a File
Determining the Status of a File

File-Test Operator Syntax
Available File-Test Operators
More on the -e Operator
Testing for Read Permission-the -r Operator
Checking for Other Permissions
Checking for Empty Files
Using File-Test Operators with File Variables

Reading from a Sequence of Files

Reading into an Array Variable

Using Command-Line Arguments as Values

ARGV and the <> Operator

Opening Pipes
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 7   Pattern Matching

Introduction
The Match Operators

Match-Operator Precedence

Special Characters in Patterns

The + Character
The [] Special Characters
The * and ? Special Characters
Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Matching Any Letter or Number
Anchoring Patterns
Variable Substitution in Patterns
Excluding Alternatives
Character-Range Escape Sequences
Matching Any Character
Matching a Specified Number of Occurrences
Specifying Choices
Reusing Portions of Patterns
Pattern-Sequence Scalar Variables
Special-Character Precedence
Specifying a Different Pattern Delimiter

Pattern-Matching Options

Matching All Possible Patterns
Ignoring Case
Treating the String as Multiple Lines
Evaluating a Pattern Only Once
Treating the String as a Single Line
Using White Space in Patterns

The Substitution Operator

Using Pattern-Sequence Variables in Substitutions
Options for the Substitution Operator
Evaluating a Pattern Only Once
Treating the String as Single or Multiple Lines
Using White Space in Patterns
Specifying a Different Delimiter

The Translation Operator

Options for the Translation Operator

Extended Pattern-Matching

Parenthesizing Without Saving in Memory
Embedding Pattern Options
Positive and Negative Look-Ahead
Pattern Comments

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

In Review   In Review

Week 2   Week 2 at a Glance

Where You're Going

Chapter 8   More Control Structures

Using Single-Line Conditional Statements

Problems with Single-Line Conditional Statements

Looping Using the for Statement

Using the Comma Operator in a for Statement

Looping Through a List: The foreach Statement

The foreach Local Variable
Changing the Value of the Local Variable
Using Returned Lists in the foreach Statement

The do Statement
Exiting a Loop Using the last Statement
Using next to Start the Next Iteration of a Loop
The redo Statement
Using Labeled Blocks for Multilevel Jumps

Using next and redo with Labels

The continue Block
The goto Statement
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 9   Using Subroutines

What Is a Subroutine?
Defining and Invoking a Subroutine

Forward References to Subroutines

Returning a Value from a Subroutine

Return Values and Conditional Expressions

The return Statement
Using Local Variables in Subroutines

Initializing Local Variables

Passing Values to a Subroutine

Passing a List to a Subroutine

Calling Subroutines from Other Subroutines
Recursive Subroutines
Passing Arrays by Name Using Aliases
Using the do Statement with Subroutines
Specifying the Sort Order
Predefined Subroutines

Creating Startup Code Using BEGIN
Creating Termination Code Using END
Handling Non-Existent Subroutines Using AUTOLOAD

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 10   Associative Arrays

Limitations of Array Variables
Definition
Referring to Associative Array Elements
Adding Elements to an Associative Array
Creating Associative Arrays
Copying Associative Arrays from Array Variables
Adding and Deleting Array Elements
Listing Array Indexes and Values
Looping Using an Associative Array
Creating Data Structures Using Associative Arrays

Linked Lists
Structures
Trees
Databases
Example: A Calculator Program

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 11   Formatting Your Output

Defining a Print Format
Displaying a Print Format
Displaying Values in a Print Format

Creating a General-Purpose Print Format
Choosing a Value-Field Format
Printing Value-Field Characters
Using the Multiline Field Format

Writing to Other Output Files

Saving the Default File Variable

Specifying a Page Header

Changing the Header Print Format

Setting the Page Length

Using print with Pagination

Formatting Long Character Strings

Eliminating Blank Lines When Formatting
Supplying an Indefinite Number of Lines

Formatting Output Using printf
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 12   Working with the File System

File Input and Output Functions

Basic Input and Output Functions
Skipping and Rereading Data
System Read and Write Functions
Reading Characters Using getc
Reading a Binary File Using binmode

Directory-Manipulation Functions

The mkdir Function
The chdir Function
The opendir Function
The closedir Function
The readdir Function
The telldir and seekdir Functions
The rewinddir Function
The rmdir Function

File-Attribute Functions

File-Relocation Functions
Link and Symbolic Link Functions
File-Permission Functions
Miscellaneous Attribute Functions

Using DBM Files

The dbmopen Function
The dbmclose Function

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 13   Process, String, and Mathematical Functions

Process- and Program-Manipulation Functions

Starting a Process
Terminating a Program or Process
Execution Control Functions
Miscellaneous Control Functions

Mathematical Functions

The sin and cos Functions
The atan2 Function
The sqrt Function
The exp Function
The log Function
The abs Function
The rand and srand Functions

String-Manipulation Functions

The index Function
The rindex Function
The length Function
Retrieving String Length Using tr
The pos Function
The substr Function
The study Function
Case Conversion Functions
The quotemeta Function
The join Function
The sprintf Function

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 14   Scalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions

The chop Function
The chomp Function
The crypt Function
The hex Function
The int Function
The oct Function

The oct Function and Hexadecimal Integers

The ord and chr Functions
The scalar Function
The pack Function

The pack Function and C Data Types

The unpack Function

Unpacking Strings
Skipping Characters When Unpacking
The unpack Function and uuencode

The vec Function
The defined Function
The undef Function
Array and List Functions

The grep Function
The splice Function
The shift Function
The unshift Function
The push Function
The pop Function
Creating Stacks and Queues
The split Function
The sort and reverse Functions
The map Function
The wantarray Function

Associative Array Functions

The keys Function
The values Function
The each Function
The delete Function
The exists Function

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Week 2   Week 2 in Review

Week 3   Week 3 at a Glance

Where You're Going

Chapter 15   System Functions

System Library Emulation Functions

The getgrent Function
The setgrent and endgrent Functions
The getgrnam Function
The getgrid Function
The getnetent Function
The getnetbyaddr Function
The getnetbyname Function
The setnetent and endnetent Functions
The gethostbyaddr Function
The gethostbyname Function
The gethostent, sethostent, and endhostent Functions
The getlogin Function
The getpgrp and setpgrp Functions
The getppid Function
The getpwnam Function
The getpwuid Function
The getpwent Function
The setpwent and endpwent Functions
The getpriority and setpriority Functions
The getprotoent Function
The getprotobyname and getprotobynumber Functions
The setprotoent and endprotoent Functions
The getservent Function
The getservbyname and getservbyport Functions
The setservent and endservent Functions
The chroot Function
The ioctl Function
The alarm Function
Calling the System select Function
The dump Function

Socket-Manipulation Functions

The socket Function
The bind Function
The listen Function
The accept Function
The connect Function
The shutdown Function
The socketpair Function
The getsockopt and setsockopt Functions
The getsockname and getpeername Functions

The UNIX System V IPC Functions

IPC Functions and the require Statement
The msgget Function
The msgsnd Function
The msgrcv Function
The msgctl Function
The shmget Function
The shmwrite Function
The shmread Function
The shmctl Function
The semget Function
The semop Function
The semctl Function

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 16   Command-Line Options

Specifying Options

Specifying Options on the Command Line
Specifying an Option in the Program

The -v Option: Printing the Perl Version Number
The -c Option: Checking Your Syntax
The -w Option: Printing Warnings

Checking for Possible Typos
Checking for Redefined Subroutines
Checking for Incorrect Comparison Operators

The -e Option: Executing a Single-Line Program
The -s Option: Supplying Your Own Command-Line Options

The -s Option and Other Command-Line Arguments

The -P Option: Using the C Preprocessor

The C Preprocessor: A Quick Overview

The -I Option: Searching for C Include Files
The -n Option: Operating on Multiple Files
The -p Option: Operating on Files and Printing
The -i Option: Editing Files

Backing Up Input Files Using the -i Option

The -a Option: Splitting Lines
The -F Option: Specifying the Split Pattern
The -0 Option: Specifying Input End-of-Line
The -l Option: Specifying Output End-of-Line
The -x Option: Extracting a Program from a Message
Miscellaneous Options

The -u Option
The -U Option
The -S Option
The -D Option
The -T Option: Writing Secure Programs

The -d Option: Using the Perl Debugger
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 17   System Variables

Global Scalar Variables

The Default Scalar Variable: $_
The Program Name: $0
The User ID: $< and $>
The Group ID: $( and $)
The Version Number: $]
The Input Line Separator: $/
The Output Line Separator: $
The Output Field Separator: $,
The Array Element Separator: $"
The Number Output Format: $#
The eval Error Message: $@
The System Error Code: $?
The System Error Message: $!
The Current Line Number: $.
Multiline Matching: $*
The First Array Subscript: $[
Multidimensional Associative Arrays and the $; Variable
The Word-Break Specifier: $:
The Perl Process ID: $$
The Current Filename: $ARGV
The Write Accumulator: $^A
The Internal Debugging Value: $^D
The System File Flag: $^F
Controlling File Editing Using $^I
The Format Form-Feed Character: $^L
Controlling Debugging: $^P
The Program Start Time: $^T
Suppressing Warning Messages: $^W
The $^X Variable

Pattern System Variables

Retrieving Matched Subpatterns
Retrieving the Entire Pattern: $&
Retrieving the Unmatched Text: the $` and $' Variables
The $+ Variable

File System Variables

The Default Print Format: $~
Specifying Page Length: $=
Lines Remaining on the Page: $-
The Page Header Print Format: $^
Buffering Output: $|
The Current Page Number: $%

Array System Variables

The @_ Variable
The @ARGV Variable
The @F Variable
The @INC Variable
The %INC Variable
The %ENV Variable
The %SIG Variable

Built-In File Variables

STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR
ARGV
DATA
The Underscore File Variable

Specifying System Variable Names as Words
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 18   References in Perl 5

Introduction to References
Using References
Using the Backslash Operator
References and Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
References to Subroutines

Using Subroutine Templates

Using Subroutines to Work with Multiple Arrays

Pass By Value or By Reference?

References to File Handles

What Does the *variable Operator Do?

Using Symbolic References… Again

Declaring Variables with Curly Braces

More on Hard Versus Symbolic References
For More Information
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz

Exercises

Chapter 19   Object-Oriented Programming in Perl

An Introduction to Modules

The Three Important Rules

Classes in Perl
Creating a Class
Blessing a Constructor

Instance Variables

Methods
Exporting Methods
Invoking Methods
Overrides
Destructors
Inheritance
Overriding Methods
A Few Comments About Classes and Objects in Perl
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 20   Miscellaneous Features of Perl

The require Function

The require Function and Subroutine Libraries
Using require to Specify a Perl Version

The $#array Variables

Controlling Array Length Using $#array

Alternative String Delimiters

Defining Strings Using <<

Special Internal Values
Using Back Quotes to Invoke System Commands
Pattern Matching Using ?? and the reset Function

Using reset with Variables

Other Features of the <> Operator

Scalar Variable Substitution and <>
Creating a List of Filenames

Global Indirect References and Aliases
Packages

Defining a Package
Switching Between Packages
The main Package
Referring to One Package from Another
Specifying No Current Package
Packages and Subroutines
Defining Private Data Using Packages
Packages and System Variables
Accessing Symbol Tables

Modules

Creating a Module
Importing Modules Into Your Program
Using Predefined Modules

Using Perl in C Programs
Perl and CGI Scripts
Translators and Other Supplied Code
Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz
Exercises

Chapter 21   The Perl Debugger

Entering and Exiting the Perl Debugger

Entering the Debugger
Exiting the Debugger

Listing Your Program

The l command
The - Command
The w Command
The // and ?? Commands
The S Command

Stepping Through Programs

The s Command
The n Command
The f command
The Carriage-Return Command
The r Command

Displaying Variable Values

The X Command
The V Command

Breakpoints

The b Command
The c Command
The L Command and Breakpoints
The d and D Commands

Tracing Program Execution
Line Actions

The a Command
The A Command
The < and > Commands
Displaying Line Actions Using the L Command

Other Debugging Commands

Executing Other Perl Statements
The H Command: Listing Preceding Commands
The ! Command: Executing Previous Commands
The T Command: Stack Tracing
The p Command: Printing an Expression
The = Command: Defining Aliases
Predefining Aliases
The h Command: Debugger Help

Summary
Q&A
Workshop

Quiz

Week 3   Week 3 in Review

Appendix A   Answers

Answers for Chapter 1, "Getting Started"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 2, "Basic Operators and Control Flow"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 3, "Understanding Scalar Values"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 4, "More Operators"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 5, "Lists and Array Variables"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 6, "Reading from and Writing to Files"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 7, "Pattern Matching"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 8, "More Control Structures"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 9, "Using Subroutines"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 10, "Associative Arrays"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 11, "Formatting Your Output"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 12, "Working with the File System"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 13, "Process, String, and Mathematical Functions"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 14, "Scalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 15, "System Functions"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 16, "Command-Line Options"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 17, "System Variables"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 18, "References in
Perl 5"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 19, "Object-Oriented Programming in Perl"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 20, "Miscellaneous Features of Perl"

Quiz
Exercises

Answers for Chapter 21, "The Perl Debugger"

Quiz

Appendix B   ASCII Character Set

|  About us | Categories | New Releases | Most Popular | Web Tutorial | Free Download | Drivers |

At a Glance

Chapter 1 Getting Started

Chapter 2 Basic Operators and Control Flow

Chapter 3 Understanding Scalar Values

Chapter 4 More Operators

Chapter 5 Lists and Array Variables

Chapter 6 Reading from and Writing to Files

Chapter 7 Pattern Matching

In Review In Review

Week 2 Week 2 at a Glance

Chapter 8 More Control Structures

Chapter 9 Using Subroutines

Chapter 10 Associative Arrays

Chapter 11 Formatting Your Output

Chapter 12 Working with the File System

Chapter 13 Process, String, and Mathematical Functions

Chapter 14 Scalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions

Week 2 Week 2 in Review

Week 3 Week 3 at a Glance

Chapter 15 System Functions

Chapter 16 Command-Line Options

Chapter 17 System Variables

Chapter 18 References in Perl 5

Chapter 19 Object-Oriented Programming in Perl

Chapter 20 Miscellaneous Features of Perl

Chapter 21 The Perl Debugger

Week 3 Week 3 in Review

Appendix A Answers

Appendix B ASCII Character Set